Climate | Jotup

Press release - Soil health: Parliament sets out measures to achieve healthy soils by 2050

Retrieved on:

Thursday, April 18, 2024

Health, Climate change, Conference, Environment, Agriculture, Climate, Classification, Food, Parliament, Biodiversity, Commission, Ecosystem, Legislation, Environmental remediation

The new law will oblige EU countries to first monitor and then assess the health of all soils on their territory.

Key Points:

The new law will oblige EU countries to first monitor and then assess the health of all soils on their territory.
National authorities may apply the soil descriptors that best illustrate the soil characteristics of each soil type at national level.
MEPs propose a five-level classification to assess soil health (high, good, moderate ecological status, degraded, and critically degraded soils).
That is why it is our responsibility to adopt the first piece of EU-wide legislation to monitor and improve soil health."

Visualising the 1800s or designing wedding invitations: 6 ways you can use AI beyond generating text

Retrieved on:

Thursday, April 18, 2024

Many people are now using AI tools like ChatGPT, Claude or Gemini to get advice, find information or summarise longer passages of text.

Key Points:

Many people are now using AI tools like ChatGPT, Claude or Gemini to get advice, find information or summarise longer passages of text.
But our recent research demonstrates how generative AI can be used for much more than this, returning results in different formats.
On the one hand, AI tools are neutral – they can be used for good or ill depending on one’s intent.

1. Imagining what lies beyond the frame

Adobe’s recently developed “generative expand” tool allows users to expand the canvas of their photos and have Photoshop “imagine” what is happening beyond the frame.
You might do this when trying to edit a square Instagram photo to fit a 4x6 inch photo frame.

2. Visualising the past or the future

Photography was only invented within the past 200 years, and camera-equipped smartphones within the last 25.
That leaves us with plenty of things that existed before cameras were common, yet we might want to visualise them.
NASA currently works with artists to illustrate concepts we can’t see, but artists could also draw on AI to help create these renderings.

3. Brainstorming how to visualise difficult concepts

As one of the deepest places on Earth, few people have ever seen it firsthand.
Or creating a layered illustration that shows the flora and fauna that live at each of the ocean’s five zones above the trench.

4. Visualising data

For example, you might upload a spreadsheet to ChatGPT 4 and ask it to visualise the results.
Or, if the data is already publicly available (such as Earth’s population over time), you might ask a chatbot to visualise it without even having to supply a spreadsheet.

5. Creating simple moving images

You can create a simple yet effective animation by uploading a photo to an AI tool like Runway and giving it an animation command, such as zooming in, zooming out or tracking from left to right. That’s what I’ve done with this historical photo preserved by the State Library of Western Australia.

I used this description to create the following video:
Tracking shot from left to right of the snowy mountains of Nagano, Japan.
Tracking shot from left to right of the snowy mountains of Nagano, Japan.

6. Generating a colour palette or simple graphics

In these cases, having a consistent colour palette can help unify your design.
You can ask generative AI services like Midjourney or Gemini to create a colour palette for you based on the event or its vibe.
This is true for both browser-based generators like Adobe Firefly, as well as desktop apps with built-in AI, like Adobe Illustrator.

T.J. Thomson receives funding from the Australian Research Council. He is an affiliate with the ARC Centre of Excellence for Automated Decision Making & Society.

AI chatbots refuse to produce ‘controversial’ output − why that’s a free speech problem

Retrieved on:

Thursday, April 18, 2024

Still, the conversation on AI ignores another crucial issue: What is the AI industry’s approach to free speech, and does it embrace international free speech standards?

Key Points:

Still, the conversation on AI ignores another crucial issue: What is the AI industry’s approach to free speech, and does it embrace international free speech standards?
In practice, this means that AI chatbots often censor output when dealing with issues the companies deem controversial.
Without a solid culture of free speech, the companies producing generative AI tools are likely to continue to face backlash in these increasingly polarized times.

Vague and broad use policies

Companies issue policies to set the rules for how people can use their models.
With international human rights law as a benchmark, we found that companies’ misinformation and hate speech policies are too vague and expansive.
Our analysis found that companies’ hate speech policies contain extremely broad prohibitions.
To show how vague and broad use policies can affect users, we tested a range of prompts on controversial topics.
More recently, India confronted Google after Gemini noted that some experts consider the policies of the Indian prime minister, Narendra Modi, to be fascist.

Free speech culture

If they serve a global audience, they may want to avoid content that is offensive in any region.
This means society has an interest in ensuring such policies adequately protect free speech.
Even where a similar legal obligation does not apply to AI providers, we believe that the companies’ influence should require them to adopt a free speech culture.
At least two of the companies we focused on – Google and Anthropic – have recognized as much.

Outright refusals

Therefore, users’ exposure to hate speech and misinformation from generative AI will typically be limited unless they specifically seek it.
This is unlike social media, where people have much less control over their own feeds.
Stricter controls, including on AI-generated content, may be justified at the level of social media since they distribute content publicly.
Refusals to generate content not only affect fundamental rights to free speech and access to information.

The Future of Free Speech is a non-partisan, independent think tank that has received limited financial support from Google for specific projects.
In all cases, The Future of Free Speech retains full independence and final authority for its work, including research pursuits, methodology, analysis, conclusions, and presentation.
The Future of Free Speech is a non-partisan, independent think tank that has received limited financial support from Google for specific projects.

Billions of cicadas are about to emerge from underground in a rare double-brood convergence

Retrieved on:

Thursday, April 18, 2024

From late April through June 2024, the largest brood of 13-year cicadas, known as Brood XIX, will co-emerge with a midwestern brood of 17-year cicadas, Brood XIII.

Key Points:

From late April through June 2024, the largest brood of 13-year cicadas, known as Brood XIX, will co-emerge with a midwestern brood of 17-year cicadas, Brood XIII.
A co-emergence like this of two specific broods with different life cycles happens only once every 221 years.
For about four weeks, scattered wooded and suburban areas will ring with cicadas’ distinctive whistling, buzzing and chirping mating calls.
Once the eggs hatch, new cicada nymphs will fall from the trees and burrow back underground, starting the cycle again.
It’s no accident that the scientific name for periodical 13- and 17-year cicadas is Magicicada, shortened from “magic cicada.”

Ancient visitors

Molecular analysis has shown that about 4 million years ago, the ancestor of the current Magicicada species split into two lineages.
The resulting three lineages are the basis of the modern periodical cicada species groups, Decim, Cassini and Decula.
The sudden appearance of so many insects reminded them of biblical plagues of locusts, which are a type of grasshopper.
During the 19th century, notable entomologists such as Benjamin Walsh, C.V. Riley and Charles Marlatt worked out the astonishing biology of periodical cicadas.

Acting in unison

This increases their chances of accomplishing their key mission aboveground: finding mates.
While periodical cicadas largely come out on schedule every 17 or 13 years, often a small group emerges four years early or late.
Early-emerging cicadas may be faster-growing individuals that had access to abundant food, and the laggards may be individuals that subsisted with less.

Will climate change shift Magicicada clocks?

As glaciers retreated from what is now the U.S. some 10,000 to 20,000 years ago, periodical cicadas filled eastern forests.
Today there are 12 broods of 17-year periodical cicadas in northeastern deciduous forests, where trees drop leaves in winter.
Because periodical cicadas are sensitive to climate, the patterns of their broods and species reflect climatic shifts.
Although periodical cicadas prefer forest edges and thrive in suburban areas, they cannot survive deforestation or reproduce successfully in areas without trees.

In the late 19th century, one Brood (XXI) disappeared from north Florida and Georgia.
Climate change could also have farther-reaching effects.
As the U.S. climate warms, longer growing seasons may provide a larger food supply.
This may eventually change more 17-year cicadas into 13-year cicadas, just as past warming altered Magicicada neotredecim.
We hypothesize that this was due to climate warming.

John Cooley receives funding from the National Science Foundation and the National Geographic Society. Chris Simon has received funding from the National Science Foundation, the Fulbright Foundation, the National Geographic Society and the New Zealand Marsden Fund.

Climate change makes life harder: in South Africa it’s likely to bring heatwaves, water stress and gender-based violence

Retrieved on:

Thursday, April 18, 2024

Human-induced climate change made the severe 2015–2017 drought three to six times more likely.

Key Points:

Human-induced climate change made the severe 2015–2017 drought three to six times more likely.
Our new report on Climate Change Impacts in South Africa has found that as Earth warms, people living in South Africa will face reduced incomes, less food and water security and a higher cost of living.
Our findings, based on a synthesis and review of existing research on climate change, are that climate change and socioeconomic risks threaten to bring about a huge change to this status.
Combating the impacts of climate change in South Africa requires adaptive measures, such as changing the way we farm, coordination by the government and international commitment to reduce emissions.

Heatwaves

Farm workers will be exposed to more extreme temperatures working outside and others will suffer from heat stress in their living and working environment.
Here's how
Extreme weather threatens the plants and animals that attract tourism, and directly damages infrastructure at nature reserves, adventure destinations and parks.
Rising temperatures are projected to reduce visitor numbers to South Africa’s national parks by 4% by 2050, affecting the Kruger National Park most.

An agricultural crisis

Smallholder farms are often located in areas with less fertile soils or limited infrastructure, leaving these farmers more vulnerable to climate change.
Arable land suitable for growing crops is concentrated in just 12% of South Africa’s land area.
Therefore, any extreme event that reduces production – such as drought – can be expected to reduce job security and income for farming households and agricultural workers.

Water

Drought and floods damage transport links, public buildings, and water and energy infrastructure, and challenge the provision of basic services.
During the water crisis that followed the 2015–2017 drought, for example, reservoirs serving 3.7 million people around Cape Town dropped to 20% of capacity, leading the government to impose water restrictions.

An increase in gender-based violence

These gender inequalities include a high incidence of gender-based violence and a higher likelihood of poverty among women.
Research in other parts of the world has also linked rising temperatures with an increase in gender-based violence.

Solutions

Much of the country’s economic future hinges on the speed with which investments in renewable energy can replace coal and provide affordable and reliable electricity. Slowing down climate change will take a huge global effort and progress has been limited. The only alternative is to be prepared and adapt to the projected changes.
Peter Johnston receives funding from United Nations, NORCE, NRF

Scotland is ditching its flagship 2030 climate goal – why legally binding targets really matter

Retrieved on:

Thursday, April 18, 2024

Temperature, European Court, High court, Climate change, Letter, Human rights, Climate, Urgenda, Policy, Neubauer, Carbon, Court of cassation, ClientEarth, Embarrassment, Government, Legislation

The target was statutory, meaning it had been set in law in the Emissions Reduction Targets Act of 2019.

Key Points:

The target was statutory, meaning it had been set in law in the Emissions Reduction Targets Act of 2019.
Scotland is still subject to the 2030 carbon target for the UK as a whole.
The consistent implementation of the existing targets, in other words, is the difference between meeting the Paris objectives and condemning the planet to dangerous climate change.

Legally (but not literally) binding

In 2017, Sweden was the first major economy to enact a statutory net zero target.
Its net zero target is complemented by a series of intermediate steps: five-yearly carbon budgets, which are also legally binding.
Legal scholars have long known that, even though the targets are legally binding, they would be difficult to enforce against an unwilling government.

Governments in the dock

The plaintiff was the environmental law charity ClientEarth, which remains dissatisfied with the strategy and returned to court in February 2024.
If successful, such a move would be the latest in a series of court cases in which judges have ordered governments to scale up their climate ambitions.

The political embarrassment of missing a statutory target, or being subject to a court case, can focus the mind.
A review of the UK Climate Change Act found that civil servants were petrified about the threat of a judicial review.
Scotland’s decision to abandon its 2030 climate ambition is the most brazen violation of a statutory climate target yet.

Don’t have time to read about climate change as much as you’d like?
Get a weekly roundup in your inbox instead. Every Wednesday, The Conversation’s environment editor writes Imagine, a short email that goes a little deeper into just one climate issue. Join the 30,000+ readers who’ve subscribed so far.
Sam Fankhauser receives funding from the University of Oxford's Strategic Research Fund for Oxford Net Zero and the UK Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) for the Place-based Climate Action Network (PCAN).

Things that go buzz in the night – our global study found there really are more insects out after dark

Retrieved on:

Thursday, April 18, 2024

Pollination, Temperature, Bee, Wetland, Environment, Science, Moth, Ant, Swimming, Climate, Sleep, Research, News, Thermoregulation, Human, Water, Honey, Literature, Pest control, Data, Animal, Wasp, Agriculture

We searched for meaningful comparisons of insect activity by day and by night.

Key Points:

We searched for meaningful comparisons of insect activity by day and by night.
Our global analysis confirms there are indeed more insects out at night than during the day, on average.
And now we know for sure, we can make more strident efforts to conserve insects and preserve their vital place in the natural world.

Building a global dataset of sleepless nights

We narrowed these down to studies using methods that would not influence the results.
For instance, we excluded studies that collected insects by using sweep nets or beating branches, as these methods can capture resting insects along with active ones.
These include pitfall traps (for crawling insects), flight interception traps (for flying insects) and aquatic drift nets (for swimming insects).

Eventually, we honed in on 99 studies published between 1959 and 2022. These studies spanned all continents except Antarctica and encompassed a wide range of habitats on both land and water.

What did we find?

We found more mayflies, caddisflies, moths and earwigs at night. On the other hand, there were more thrips, bees, wasps and ants during the day.

In these aquatic areas, there could be twice as many insects active during the night.
In contrast, land-based insects were generally more active during the day, especially in grasslands and savannas.
We also found insects were more active at night in warmer parts of the globe, where there are higher maximum temperatures.

Findings underscore the threats to nocturnal insects

Insects perform many vital “ecosystem services” such as pollination, nutrient cycling and pest control. Many of these services may be provided at night, when more insects are active. This means we need to curtail some of our own activities to support theirs. For instance, artificial lighting is detrimental to nocturnal insects.

In the hottest regions of the globe such as the tropics, the warming trend may further reduce the activity of nocturnal insects that struggle to cope with heat.
Read more:
Insects will struggle to keep pace with global temperature rise – which could be bad news for humans

The authors do not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and have disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

Earth Day: ‘Green muscle memory’ and climate education promote behaviour change

Retrieved on:

Thursday, April 18, 2024

This year, organizers of Earth Day are calling for widespread climate education as a critical step in the fight against climate change.

Key Points:

This year, organizers of Earth Day are calling for widespread climate education as a critical step in the fight against climate change.
A new report, released in time for global attention for Earth Day on April 22, highlights the impact of climate education on promoting behaviour change in the next generation.

How knowledge becomes ingrained

Teachers have become increasingly concerned about best practices for supporting their charges as young people express anxiety about environmental futures.
Similarly, Finnish researchers use biking as an analogy to describe the process by which knowledge becomes ingrained in people’s memory.
The bike model advocates ways of learning that consider knowledge, identity, emotions and world views.
More than half of the survey respondents were from Ontario (25 per cent) and Québec (29 per cent).

Challenges with climate education

However, inclusion of climate education in formal school curricula has come with its own set of challenges.
Educators in Ontario reported a lack of classroom resources as a barrier when integrating climate change education within the curriculum.
The United Nations has declared climate education “a critical agent in addressing the issue of climate change” as climate education increases across different settings and for various age groups.

Educators finding ways

More and more educators are taking steps to find ways to teach climate education in schools.
As an instructor for several undergraduate-level courses, Olsen focuses on equipping budding educators with the skills and knowledge to incorporate climate education in their classrooms.

All aspects of curricula

Embedding climate education into all aspects of curricula can take a variety of approaches in and outside of the classroom.
Environmental education has been packaged in different forms, including broadening school curricula with inclusion in science, but also subjects including English, math and art.

Preety Sharma is a public health and development consultant. As a freelance journalist, she covers climate change, public health and nutrition. Ayeshah Haque is a Clinical Content Specialist at the Association for Ontario Midwives.

Draft guideline on good agricultural and collection practice (GACP) for starting materials of herbal origin - Revision 1

Retrieved on:

Thursday, April 18, 2024

Reproduction, SCOPE, Eating, Pesticide, Convention, Change control, Confusion, Alkaloid, Climate, Fungus, Directive (European Union), Ethylene oxide, Wind, Wood, Glass, European Medicines Agency, HMPS, QDG, Hygiene, Water, Marketing, Fertilizer, Legislation, Manure, Distillation, Risk, Education, Committee, Compost, Draft, Policy, Person, EMA, Seed, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, Collection, Freezing, GMP, Risk assessment, GACP, Sunlight, Fermentation, Personal protective equipment, Animal, Herbal, Herbicide, Weather, INTRODUCTION, Documentation, Regeneration, Decontamination, EudraLex, Disease, International trade, European Pharmacopoeia, Part, Livestock, Public, Inhalation, Knowledge, Seedling, Factorization of polynomials, Record, Plant, Skin, API, Irrigation, Part Two, Soil, Directive, Pharmacopoeia, Codex, Guideline, Temperature, Attention, Hydrocarbon, Pyrrolizidine alkaloid, Polychlorinated biphenyl, Growth, Rotation, Incineration, Environment, Humidity, Smell, Ventilation, Light, Bird, Mineral, Fumigation, Pyrrolizidine, SOP, Housing, Smoking, Atmosphere, Postharvest, Rain, Liver, QWP, Medicinal plants

REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................... 14

Key Points:

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Guideline on Good Agricultural and Collection Practice (GACP) for starting materials of herbal origin
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

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This guideline on Good Agricultural and Collection Practice (GACP) for starting materials of herbal origin

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1.
Due to the inherent
complexity of medicinal plants and herbal substances the quality of these starting materials requires an
adequate quality assurance system for the collection and/or cultivation, harvest, and primary
processing.
(either outdoor, indoor or in greenhouses) should be carefully considered, since each of the mentioned
types could have several problems and advantages.
The used cultivation method may be dependent on
the final application of the herbal medicinal product.
primary processing of herbal substances that are used for the preparation of herbal medicinal products.
medicinal plants and herbal substances, ensuring that they are handled appropriately throughout all
stages of cultivation, collection, processing and storage.
their preparations are exposed to a large number of environmental contaminants of both biotic and
abiotic origin.
to existing wildlife habitats and must adhere to CITES (Convention on International Trade in
Endangered species of Wild Fauna and Flora).
https://health.ec.europa.eu/document/download/bd537ccf-9271-4230-bca1-2d...
4 https://health.ec.europa.eu/document/download/fd318dd6-2404-4e67-82b0232...
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resistant or tolerant to disease should preferably be used.
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The application should be carried out only by qualified staff using approved equipment.
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Damaged plants or plant parts need to be excluded or limited in accordance with a specific
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directly to the sun (except in cases where there is a specific need) and must be protected from
rainfall, insect infestation, etc.
The label must be clear, permanently fixed and made from
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Reflection paper on the use of fumigants (EMEA/HMPC/125562/2006)

Guideline on Good Agricultural and Collection Practice (GACP) for starting materials of herbal origin
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non-toxic material.
Certain exudates that have not been subjected to a specific treatment are
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also considered to be herbal substances.
European Pharmacopoeia General Monograph ?HERBAL DRUGS? 07/2017:1433
Are obtained by subjecting herbal substances to treatments such as
extraction, distillation, expression, fractionation, purification, concentration
or fermentation.

Draft guideline on good agricultural and collection practice (GACP) for starting materials of herbal origin - Revision 1

Retrieved on:

Thursday, April 18, 2024

REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................... 14

Key Points:

REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................... 14
29

Guideline on Good Agricultural and Collection Practice (GACP) for starting materials of herbal origin
EMA/HMPC/246816/2005

Page 3/14

30

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

31
32
33
34
35
36

This guideline on Good Agricultural and Collection Practice (GACP) for starting materials of herbal origin

37

1.
Due to the inherent
complexity of medicinal plants and herbal substances the quality of these starting materials requires an
adequate quality assurance system for the collection and/or cultivation, harvest, and primary
processing.
(either outdoor, indoor or in greenhouses) should be carefully considered, since each of the mentioned
types could have several problems and advantages.
The used cultivation method may be dependent on
the final application of the herbal medicinal product.
primary processing of herbal substances that are used for the preparation of herbal medicinal products.
medicinal plants and herbal substances, ensuring that they are handled appropriately throughout all
stages of cultivation, collection, processing and storage.
their preparations are exposed to a large number of environmental contaminants of both biotic and
abiotic origin.
to existing wildlife habitats and must adhere to CITES (Convention on International Trade in
Endangered species of Wild Fauna and Flora).
https://health.ec.europa.eu/document/download/bd537ccf-9271-4230-bca1-2d...
4 https://health.ec.europa.eu/document/download/fd318dd6-2404-4e67-82b0232...
3
Guideline on Good Agricultural and Collection Practice (GACP) for starting materials of herbal origin
EMA/HMPC/246816/2005

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4.
Guideline on Good Agricultural and Collection Practice (GACP) for starting materials of herbal origin
EMA/HMPC/246816/2005
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149

8.
Guideline on Good Agricultural and Collection Practice (GACP) for starting materials of herbal origin
EMA/HMPC/246816/2005
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185

7.
Where possible, stable varieties and cultivars naturally
Guideline on Good Agricultural and Collection Practice (GACP) for starting materials of herbal origin
EMA/HMPC/246816/2005
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227
228

resistant or tolerant to disease should preferably be used.
Guideline on Good Agricultural and Collection Practice (GACP) for starting materials of herbal origin
EMA/HMPC/246816/2005
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269
270
271
272
273

The application should be carried out only by qualified staff using approved equipment.
The following should be noted:
Guideline on Good Agricultural and Collection Practice (GACP) for starting materials of herbal origin
EMA/HMPC/246816/2005

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310

?

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?

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315
316
317

?

318
319
320

?

321
322

?

323
324
325

?

326
327
328

?

Damaged plants or plant parts need to be excluded or limited in accordance with a specific
pharmacopoeia monograph, where relevant.
Guideline on Good Agricultural and Collection Practice (GACP) for starting materials of herbal origin
EMA/HMPC/246816/2005
Page 11/14

347
348

directly to the sun (except in cases where there is a specific need) and must be protected from
rainfall, insect infestation, etc.
The label must be clear, permanently fixed and made from
6

Reflection paper on the use of fumigants (EMEA/HMPC/125562/2006)

Guideline on Good Agricultural and Collection Practice (GACP) for starting materials of herbal origin
EMA/HMPC/246816/2005

Page 12/14

386
387

non-toxic material.
Certain exudates that have not been subjected to a specific treatment are
Guideline on Good Agricultural and Collection Practice (GACP) for starting materials of herbal origin
EMA/HMPC/246816/2005

Page 13/14

425
426
427

also considered to be herbal substances.
European Pharmacopoeia General Monograph ?HERBAL DRUGS? 07/2017:1433
Are obtained by subjecting herbal substances to treatments such as
extraction, distillation, expression, fractionation, purification, concentration
or fermentation.