Bias | Jotup

Donald Trump trial: why it took so long to select a jury and how the process is different to the UK

Retrieved on:

Friday, April 19, 2024

Well, Name, Bias, Stormy Daniels, Marital status, Radio, Lawyer, Trump

From this, more than half were dismissed after they claimed they could not be impartial.

Key Points:

From this, more than half were dismissed after they claimed they could not be impartial.
On day three, one of the selected jurors asked to stand down after she became concerned about her name becoming public.
Lawyers for both the prosecution and defence will also ask additional questions of the prospective jurors.
In some cases, Trump’s lawyers had even looked through old social media posts as grounds to exclude a juror.

How are jurors selected?

There are normally about 35 to 40 prospective jurors.
This process repeats until a group of about 14 (12 jurors and two alternative jurors) are selected.
Prospective jurors who have been summoned to the court are either questioned by the judge or by the prosecution and defence lawyers.
With jurors who favour guilty verdicts seeing prosecution evidence favourably and either distorting or ignoring the defence evidence – jurors who favour not guilty verdicts show the opposite pattern of results.
Therefore, some jurors will not be dismissed for cause despite being biased because they know how to answer in an acceptable way.

Scotland and England and Wales

In comparison, jurors in England and Wales and Scotland are selected to be summoned randomly from the electoral register.
The court clerk (England and Wales) or clerk of court (Scotland) will then empanel (or select) the jury by randomly selecting names from a ballot.

Lee John Curley receives funding from the British Academy and the Leverhulme Trust

Cities with Black women police chiefs had less street violence during 2020’s Black Lives Matter protests

Retrieved on:

Thursday, April 18, 2024

Research, Organization, Social justice, Bias, Violence, Journal, Social, City, Male, Woman, Movement, Police

Black Lives Matter protests in cities with Black women police chiefs experienced significantly lower levels of violence – from both police and protesters – than cities with police chiefs of other racial backgrounds and gender, according to our newly published paper.

Key Points:

Black Lives Matter protests in cities with Black women police chiefs experienced significantly lower levels of violence – from both police and protesters – than cities with police chiefs of other racial backgrounds and gender, according to our newly published paper.
After George Floyd’s death at the hands of Minneapolis police on May 25, 2020, the Black Lives Matter movement surged.
Most demonstrations were peaceful, but others were not, and city police chiefs had the job of dealing with street violence.
We do not yet know the specific way in which the leadership of Black women police chiefs translates into lower violence levels.

AI chatbots refuse to produce ‘controversial’ output − why that’s a free speech problem

Retrieved on:

Thursday, April 18, 2024

Still, the conversation on AI ignores another crucial issue: What is the AI industry’s approach to free speech, and does it embrace international free speech standards?

Key Points:

Still, the conversation on AI ignores another crucial issue: What is the AI industry’s approach to free speech, and does it embrace international free speech standards?
In practice, this means that AI chatbots often censor output when dealing with issues the companies deem controversial.
Without a solid culture of free speech, the companies producing generative AI tools are likely to continue to face backlash in these increasingly polarized times.

Vague and broad use policies

Companies issue policies to set the rules for how people can use their models.
With international human rights law as a benchmark, we found that companies’ misinformation and hate speech policies are too vague and expansive.
Our analysis found that companies’ hate speech policies contain extremely broad prohibitions.
To show how vague and broad use policies can affect users, we tested a range of prompts on controversial topics.
More recently, India confronted Google after Gemini noted that some experts consider the policies of the Indian prime minister, Narendra Modi, to be fascist.

Free speech culture

If they serve a global audience, they may want to avoid content that is offensive in any region.
This means society has an interest in ensuring such policies adequately protect free speech.
Even where a similar legal obligation does not apply to AI providers, we believe that the companies’ influence should require them to adopt a free speech culture.
At least two of the companies we focused on – Google and Anthropic – have recognized as much.

Outright refusals

Therefore, users’ exposure to hate speech and misinformation from generative AI will typically be limited unless they specifically seek it.
This is unlike social media, where people have much less control over their own feeds.
Stricter controls, including on AI-generated content, may be justified at the level of social media since they distribute content publicly.
Refusals to generate content not only affect fundamental rights to free speech and access to information.

The Future of Free Speech is a non-partisan, independent think tank that has received limited financial support from Google for specific projects.
In all cases, The Future of Free Speech retains full independence and final authority for its work, including research pursuits, methodology, analysis, conclusions, and presentation.
The Future of Free Speech is a non-partisan, independent think tank that has received limited financial support from Google for specific projects.

Draft guideline on the pharmaceutical quality of inhalation and nasal medicinal products

Retrieved on:

Thursday, April 18, 2024

17

Key Points:

17
Guideline on the pharmaceutical quality of inhalation and
nasal medicinal products

18

Table of contents

19

Executive summary ..................................................................................... 3

20

1.
Lifecycle management ........................................................................................ 28
49

Definitions ................................................................................................. 29

16

50
51

Guideline on the pharmaceutical quality of inhalation and nasal medicinal products
EMA/CHMP/20607/2024

Page 2/30

52

Executive summary

53

This guideline is the first revision of the guideline on pharmaceutical quality of inhalation and nasal

54

products (EMEA/CHMP/QWP/49313/2005 Corr).
Quality aspects specific to inhalation and nasal medicinal products are discussed, the need for
66

safety testing (e.g., for excipients and leachables) is also considered.
69
Detailed guidance on pharmaceutical development study designs (e.g., priming studies) and the

70

analytical procedures primarily used for inhalation and nasal medicinal products (e.g., cascade

71

impactor analysis) is not included in this guideline.
Scope
74

The guideline addresses requirements "on the quality of inhalation and nasal medicinal products" in

75

new marketing authorisation applications, including abridged applications.
Liquid inhalation anaesthetics and nasal ointments, creams and gels are
88

excluded, however the general principles described in this guideline should be considered.
118
Different polymorphic forms including any amorphous content could affect the quality or performance

119

of the finished medicinal product.
Guideline on the pharmaceutical quality of inhalation and nasal medicinal products
EMA/CHMP/20607/2024
Page 4/30

132

The primary packaging, type of inhaler and, if necessary, the secondary packaging or other

133

components required for reasons of stability should be described.
Pharmaceutical
development study
(a) Physical
characterisation
(b) Minimum fill
justification
(c) Extractable
volume

Pressurised

Dry powder

Preparations for

Non-

metered-

inhalers (DPI)

nebulisation

pressurised

dose

metered-

Device-

Pre-

Single-

Multi-

(pMDI)

metered

metered

dose

dose

inhalers

Yesa

Yes

Yes

Yesa

Yesa

Yesa

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

Yes

No

No

inhalers

Guideline on the pharmaceutical quality of inhalation and nasal medicinal products
EMA/CHMP/20607/2024

dose

Page 5/30

Table 4.2.1.
The last doses delivered by
Guideline on the pharmaceutical quality of inhalation and nasal medicinal products
EMA/CHMP/20607/2024

Page 7/30

179

the inhaler as defined by the label claim, should meet the finished medicinal product specification limits

180

for delivered dose and fine particle dose.
Guideline on the pharmaceutical quality of inhalation and nasal medicinal products
EMA/CHMP/20607/2024
Page 9/30

263
264

4.2.2.8.
Guideline on the pharmaceutical quality of inhalation and nasal medicinal products
EMA/CHMP/20607/2024
Page 11/30

345

Instructions regarding cold temperature use should be provided in the product information.
Finished medicinal
product
Pressurised

Dry powder inhalers

Preparations for

metered-

(DPI)

nebulisation

dose

Nonpressurised
metered-dose

Device-

Pre-

Single-

Multi-

(pMDI)

metered

metered

dose

dose

inhalers

(a) Description

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

(b) Assay

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

(c) Moisture content

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

specification test

(d) Mean delivered
dose
(e) Uniformity of
delivered dose

inhalers

Guideline on the pharmaceutical quality of inhalation and nasal medicinal products
EMA/CHMP/20607/2024

Page 15/30

Table 4.2.2.
Guideline on the pharmaceutical quality of inhalation and nasal medicinal products
EMA/CHMP/20607/2024
Page 16/30

510

4.2.5.4.
The proposed specification limits should take into account the shelf-life performance of the
Guideline on the pharmaceutical quality of inhalation and nasal medicinal products
EMA/CHMP/20607/2024
Page 17/30

552

medicinal product.
Guideline on the pharmaceutical quality of inhalation and nasal medicinal products
EMA/CHMP/20607/2024
Page 18/30

586

All medical devices, including inhalers and nasal devices, have to fulfil the general requirements as

587

outlined in the Medical Device Regulation (EU) 2017/745.
Stability (CTD 3.2.P.8)
598

All inhalation medicinal products should be tested on stability against the stability indicating tests

599

included in the finished medicinal product specification.
Quality data requirements as
619

described in this guideline should be met, supplemented by appropriate comparative quality and

620

clinical data with respect to the chosen reference medicinal product.
621
For inhalation medicinal products comparative in vitro data between the abridged application medicinal

622

product and the reference medicinal product must be provided.
Guideline on the pharmaceutical quality of inhalation and nasal medicinal products
EMA/CHMP/20607/2024
Page 20/30

670

Nature and contents of container: The type of the device and its components should be listed.
Nasal medicinal products
695

Inhalation and nasal medicinal products have many similarities and therefore, most of the

696

requirements specified for inhalation medicinal products in section 4 also apply for nasal medicinal

697

products.
One difference between inhalation and nasal medicinal products is the desired
698

particle/droplet size of the finished medicinal product.
Guideline on the pharmaceutical quality of inhalation and nasal medicinal products
EMA/CHMP/20607/2024
Page 21/30

704

5.2.
Nasal liquids
Pharmaceutical
development
study
Pressurised

Nasal

metered-

powders,

dose nasal

device-

spray

metered

NonSingledose
drops

Multidose
drops

Single-

pressurised

dose

multidose

spray

metereddose spray

(a) Physical
characterisation
(b) Minimum fill
justification
(d) Extractables /
leachables

Yesa

Yes

Yesa

Yesa

Yesa

Yesa

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

(f) Particle /
droplet size
distribution
(g) Uniformity of
delivered dose
through container
life
(j) Actuator /
mouthpiece
deposition

Guideline on the pharmaceutical quality of inhalation and nasal medicinal products
EMA/CHMP/20607/2024

Page 22/30

Table 5.2.1.
Guideline on the pharmaceutical quality of inhalation and nasal medicinal products
EMA/CHMP/20607/2024
Page 23/30

728

5.2.2.2.
Guideline on the pharmaceutical quality of inhalation and nasal medicinal products
EMA/CHMP/20607/2024
Page 24/30

769

5.2.5.
Quality data requirements as described in
799

this guideline should be met, supplemented by appropriate comparative quality and clinical data with

800

respect to the chosen reference medicinal product.
Guideline on the pharmaceutical quality of inhalation and nasal medicinal products
EMA/CHMP/20607/2024
Page 27/30

849

5.5.
866
Guideline on the pharmaceutical quality of inhalation and nasal medicinal products
EMA/CHMP/20607/2024

Page 28/30

867

Definitions
Activation:

The act of setting in motion the delivery device.
Delivery device:
The sum of component(s) of the container closure system responsible for
delivering the active substance to the respiratory tract (inhalation medicinal
product) or the nasal and/or pharyngeal region (nasal medicinal product).
Guideline on the pharmaceutical quality of inhalation and nasal medicinal products
EMA/CHMP/20607/2024
Page 29/30

Label claim:

The amount of active substance (usually on a per actuation basis) declared
on the label of the medicinal product.
Nasal medicinal
A finished medicinal product (including the delivery device, where

product:

applicable) whose intended site of deposition is the nasal and/or pharyngeal
region.
868
Guideline on the pharmaceutical quality of inhalation and nasal medicinal products
EMA/CHMP/20607/2024
Page 30/30

Draft guideline on the pharmaceutical quality of inhalation and nasal medicinal products

Retrieved on:

Thursday, April 18, 2024

17

Key Points:

17
Guideline on the pharmaceutical quality of inhalation and
nasal medicinal products

18

Table of contents

19

Executive summary ..................................................................................... 3

20

1.
Lifecycle management ........................................................................................ 28
49

Definitions ................................................................................................. 29

16

50
51

Guideline on the pharmaceutical quality of inhalation and nasal medicinal products
EMA/CHMP/20607/2024

Page 2/30

52

Executive summary

53

This guideline is the first revision of the guideline on pharmaceutical quality of inhalation and nasal

54

products (EMEA/CHMP/QWP/49313/2005 Corr).
Quality aspects specific to inhalation and nasal medicinal products are discussed, the need for
66

safety testing (e.g., for excipients and leachables) is also considered.
69
Detailed guidance on pharmaceutical development study designs (e.g., priming studies) and the

70

analytical procedures primarily used for inhalation and nasal medicinal products (e.g., cascade

71

impactor analysis) is not included in this guideline.
Scope
74

The guideline addresses requirements "on the quality of inhalation and nasal medicinal products" in

75

new marketing authorisation applications, including abridged applications.
Liquid inhalation anaesthetics and nasal ointments, creams and gels are
88

excluded, however the general principles described in this guideline should be considered.
118
Different polymorphic forms including any amorphous content could affect the quality or performance

119

of the finished medicinal product.
Guideline on the pharmaceutical quality of inhalation and nasal medicinal products
EMA/CHMP/20607/2024
Page 4/30

132

The primary packaging, type of inhaler and, if necessary, the secondary packaging or other

133

components required for reasons of stability should be described.
Pharmaceutical
development study
(a) Physical
characterisation
(b) Minimum fill
justification
(c) Extractable
volume

Pressurised

Dry powder

Preparations for

Non-

metered-

inhalers (DPI)

nebulisation

pressurised

dose

metered-

Device-

Pre-

Single-

Multi-

(pMDI)

metered

metered

dose

dose

inhalers

Yesa

Yes

Yes

Yesa

Yesa

Yesa

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

Yes

No

No

inhalers

Guideline on the pharmaceutical quality of inhalation and nasal medicinal products
EMA/CHMP/20607/2024

dose

Page 5/30

Table 4.2.1.
The last doses delivered by
Guideline on the pharmaceutical quality of inhalation and nasal medicinal products
EMA/CHMP/20607/2024

Page 7/30

179

the inhaler as defined by the label claim, should meet the finished medicinal product specification limits

180

for delivered dose and fine particle dose.
Guideline on the pharmaceutical quality of inhalation and nasal medicinal products
EMA/CHMP/20607/2024
Page 9/30

263
264

4.2.2.8.
Guideline on the pharmaceutical quality of inhalation and nasal medicinal products
EMA/CHMP/20607/2024
Page 11/30

345

Instructions regarding cold temperature use should be provided in the product information.
Finished medicinal
product
Pressurised

Dry powder inhalers

Preparations for

metered-

(DPI)

nebulisation

dose

Nonpressurised
metered-dose

Device-

Pre-

Single-

Multi-

(pMDI)

metered

metered

dose

dose

inhalers

(a) Description

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

(b) Assay

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

(c) Moisture content

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

specification test

(d) Mean delivered
dose
(e) Uniformity of
delivered dose

inhalers

Guideline on the pharmaceutical quality of inhalation and nasal medicinal products
EMA/CHMP/20607/2024

Page 15/30

Table 4.2.2.
Guideline on the pharmaceutical quality of inhalation and nasal medicinal products
EMA/CHMP/20607/2024
Page 16/30

510

4.2.5.4.
The proposed specification limits should take into account the shelf-life performance of the
Guideline on the pharmaceutical quality of inhalation and nasal medicinal products
EMA/CHMP/20607/2024
Page 17/30

552

medicinal product.
Guideline on the pharmaceutical quality of inhalation and nasal medicinal products
EMA/CHMP/20607/2024
Page 18/30

586

All medical devices, including inhalers and nasal devices, have to fulfil the general requirements as

587

outlined in the Medical Device Regulation (EU) 2017/745.
Stability (CTD 3.2.P.8)
598

All inhalation medicinal products should be tested on stability against the stability indicating tests

599

included in the finished medicinal product specification.
Quality data requirements as
619

described in this guideline should be met, supplemented by appropriate comparative quality and

620

clinical data with respect to the chosen reference medicinal product.
621
For inhalation medicinal products comparative in vitro data between the abridged application medicinal

622

product and the reference medicinal product must be provided.
Guideline on the pharmaceutical quality of inhalation and nasal medicinal products
EMA/CHMP/20607/2024
Page 20/30

670

Nature and contents of container: The type of the device and its components should be listed.
Nasal medicinal products
695

Inhalation and nasal medicinal products have many similarities and therefore, most of the

696

requirements specified for inhalation medicinal products in section 4 also apply for nasal medicinal

697

products.
One difference between inhalation and nasal medicinal products is the desired
698

particle/droplet size of the finished medicinal product.
Guideline on the pharmaceutical quality of inhalation and nasal medicinal products
EMA/CHMP/20607/2024
Page 21/30

704

5.2.
Nasal liquids
Pharmaceutical
development
study
Pressurised

Nasal

metered-

powders,

dose nasal

device-

spray

metered

NonSingledose
drops

Multidose
drops

Single-

pressurised

dose

multidose

spray

metereddose spray

(a) Physical
characterisation
(b) Minimum fill
justification
(d) Extractables /
leachables

Yesa

Yes

Yesa

Yesa

Yesa

Yesa

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

(f) Particle /
droplet size
distribution
(g) Uniformity of
delivered dose
through container
life
(j) Actuator /
mouthpiece
deposition

Guideline on the pharmaceutical quality of inhalation and nasal medicinal products
EMA/CHMP/20607/2024

Page 22/30

Table 5.2.1.
Guideline on the pharmaceutical quality of inhalation and nasal medicinal products
EMA/CHMP/20607/2024
Page 23/30

728

5.2.2.2.
Guideline on the pharmaceutical quality of inhalation and nasal medicinal products
EMA/CHMP/20607/2024
Page 24/30

769

5.2.5.
Quality data requirements as described in
799

this guideline should be met, supplemented by appropriate comparative quality and clinical data with

800

respect to the chosen reference medicinal product.
Guideline on the pharmaceutical quality of inhalation and nasal medicinal products
EMA/CHMP/20607/2024
Page 27/30

849

5.5.
866
Guideline on the pharmaceutical quality of inhalation and nasal medicinal products
EMA/CHMP/20607/2024

Page 28/30

867

Definitions
Activation:

The act of setting in motion the delivery device.
Delivery device:
The sum of component(s) of the container closure system responsible for
delivering the active substance to the respiratory tract (inhalation medicinal
product) or the nasal and/or pharyngeal region (nasal medicinal product).
Guideline on the pharmaceutical quality of inhalation and nasal medicinal products
EMA/CHMP/20607/2024
Page 29/30

Label claim:

The amount of active substance (usually on a per actuation basis) declared
on the label of the medicinal product.
Nasal medicinal
A finished medicinal product (including the delivery device, where

product:

applicable) whose intended site of deposition is the nasal and/or pharyngeal
region.
868
Guideline on the pharmaceutical quality of inhalation and nasal medicinal products
EMA/CHMP/20607/2024
Page 30/30

Isabel Schnabel: The future of inflation (forecast) targeting

Retrieved on:

Thursday, April 18, 2024

Reproduction, Exercise, Finance, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Calibration, Frankfurt, Empirical evidence, American Economic Association, Great Moderation, Interest, Inflation, Norges Bank, Policy, Bank, The Economic Journal, Speech, Employment, ECB, Risk, University of Chicago Press, Communication, Sveriges Riksbank, Debate, OECD, European Economic Review, Watcher, Economic Policy (journal), Goethe University Frankfurt, Federal Reserve Bank, Depression, Christian Social Union (UK), Climate change, Projection, IPhone, Intelligence, Agriculture, Bias, Journal, Research, Disinflation, Harvard Business School, University, Food, Business cycle, Bank of England, European Central Bank, The, American Economic Journal, Uncertainty, Attention, Finance Secretary (India), Conference, Forecasting, Growth, Rotation, Environment, Reserve Bank, Federal, COVID-19, Washington, D.C., Metal, HICP, Federal Reserve, Working paper, American Economic Review, Cryptocurrency

Stock market development and familiarity (language and distance) are considered key determinants for home bias.

Key Points:

Stock market development and familiarity (language and distance) are considered key determinants for home bias.
The literature neglects however that investors often invest in foreign funds domiciled in financial centers.

Is home bias biased? New evidence from the investment fund sector

Retrieved on:

Thursday, April 18, 2024

Rule of law, Journal of Accounting Research, Capital control, Domestic, CEPII, Research Papers in Economics, M. B, Regression analysis, Journal of International Economics, Foreign, Economic growth, Methodology, Row, International, Intuition, Risk, Heritage, Economic development, Goethe University Frankfurt, Overweight, Journal of Monetary Economics, Accounting research, International business, Paper, Political economy, Journal of Financial Economics, Environment, Website, United, Category, World Bank, Probability, Medical classification, Sun, Appendix, Handbook, G11, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Frankfurt, Institution, Investment, International economics, Journal of Political Economy, Corporation, G15, Logic, Dow Jones, PDF, Classification, ECB, CEIC, Károlyi, Policy, Outline, Household, Social science, JEL, Real, Bias, FDI, Journal, Research, Journal of Economic Literature, Credit, The Journal of Finance, Literature, Nationalization, European Central Bank, AA, Culture, Growth, Monetary economics, Section 5, Kho, Rule, Rogoff, Developed country, AAA, Finance, SHS, Control, Variable, Section 4, Language, Section 3, Role, Economy, Financial economics, Section 2, Freedom, Central bank, Incidence, Law, The Heritage Foundation, American Economic Review, Obstfeld, SSRN, Foreign direct investment, G23, Corruption, Quarterly Journal, Financial statement analysis, GDP, IMF Economic Review, Schumacher, University, MVI, Demirci, Dependent and independent variables, Lane, Common, Magazine, Bank, Reproduction, Security (finance)

Key Points:

Transactional demand for central bank digital currency

Retrieved on:

Thursday, April 18, 2024

POS, Learning, CB, E41, Calibration, Financial regulation, Interest, ATM, Oesterreichische Nationalbank, Journal of Macroeconomics, Sensitivity, Diffusion, ITunes, Bank of Canada, P2P, Safety, NBER, Benchmarking, Prevalence, SPACE, Bernoulli, Journal of Monetary Economics, E42, Paper, European Parliamentary Research Service, Apollo, Environment, Political economy, COVID-19, Review of Economic Dynamics, Abramov, Loss, Working paper, Choice, Collection, Probability, Dowd, Castrén, Face, Noise, History, Restaurant, Journal of Political Economy, ECB, Policy, Diary, Model, Utility, Clutch (eggs), Canadian International Council, Journal of Financial Stability, JEL, Digital, Bias, Journal, Research, Classification, CBDC, SARS-CoV-2, ECMI, Credit, Odds ratio, Literature, European Central Bank, Mises Institute, Monetary economics, Section 5, Occupation, E47, Financial intermediary, Government, Supermarket, Friction, Finance, BIS, Love, Bart, The Economic Journal, Education, Risk, Section 4, Privacy, Section 3, Appetite, App Store (iOS/iPadOS), Human, DNB, International finance, Section 2, Leonhard Euler, Payment, Attention, Central bank, Consumer, EPRS, Habit, American Economic Review, Confidence interval, FCO, Central bank digital currency, Exercise, Letizia, Applied economics, Digital currency, Sale, Business cycle, Amazon, Community business development corporation, Control, Chart, Proxy, American Economic Journal, LN, Bank, Fintech, IMF, Analysis, Aggregation, Cryptocurrency

Key Points:

Feedback on the input provided by the European Parliament as part of its resolution on the ECB’s Annual Report 2022

Retrieved on:

Thursday, April 18, 2024

Crypto, European banking union, Governance, Exercise, TARGET, Ciccarelli, Single, Climate, OJ, Ethics, Carbon, ECRB, Parliament, Council, European Systemic Risk Board, European Commission, Paris Agreement, Television, Annual, Letter, Speech, Employment, Social, ESRB, Euro, Prejudice, FSB, AML, ECB, Blog, Risk, ESCB, Committee, NGFS, Policy, Woman, Suggestion, Radio, GDP, Privacy, Weather, Person, Climate change, Communication, Digital, Intelligence, Economic and monetary union, SSM, Bias, Knowledge, Mentorship, EMU, Commission, Economy, Publication, Annual report, Financial Action Task Force, Orientation, Nickel, NPL, European Central Bank, Uncertainty, Financial Stability Board, Conference, NCBS, Treaty, Growth, Financial system, Central bank, European Parliament, Network, Natural Resources, COVID-19, Terrorism, Bank, Female, IMF, Multi-function printer, Recreation, Memorandum, Data, AMLA, Security printing

Beyond managing related risks, the financial sector can also contribute to the transition toward a net-zero economy.

Key Points:

Beyond managing related risks, the financial sector can also contribute to the transition toward a net-zero economy.
Our work aims to enhance data transparency in climate change analysis, while informing monetary policy, financial stability and banking supervision.
The indicators we have developed focus on the euro area financial sector and are built from harmonised granular datasets.

Fossil beetles found in a Botswana diamond mine help us to reconstruct the distant past

Retrieved on:

Wednesday, April 10, 2024

One of the few Cretaceous age deposits that’s been discovered in Africa is at Botswana’s Orapa Diamond Mine.

Key Points:

One of the few Cretaceous age deposits that’s been discovered in Africa is at Botswana’s Orapa Diamond Mine.
Recently a team I lead discovered two new species of rove beetles preserved in the sediments of the Orapa Diamond Mine.
Rove beetles are typically identified by their unique short elytra (protective wing cases) which expose the rest of the abdomen.
Our finds are the first fossil rove beetles ever discovered on the continent and in the southern hemisphere.
The fossils closely resemble today’s rove beetles, showing how successful they’ve been in adapting to various environments without significant changes to their bodies.

Identifying the fossils

We found the fossils in lacustrine sediments (deposits that accumulate in lake environments).
Afristenus orapensis belongs to the stenine rove beetle subgroup while Paleothius mckayi belongs to the subgroup staphylinine.
The stenine rove beetle was previously described in Russia, France and Myanmar while the staphylinine rove beetle was previously described in Russia, China, Myanmar and England.
So we scoured research articles about fossils of a similar age that have already been studied elsewhere for comparative purposes.

More to find

We are currently studying each specimen and preparing academic manuscripts that describe what we’ve found.
My hope is that more money will be invested in training more palaeoentomologists in South Africa and on the continent more broadly.
The study of fossil insects and plants is an important way to preserve our beloved continent’s heritage.

Sandiso Mnguni receives funding from GENUS (Centre of Excellence in Palaeosciences - UID 86073). He is affiliated with the Sophumelela Youth Development Programme (SYDP).