Note

Dominant currency pricing in international trade of services

Retrieved on: 
Thursday, April 25, 2024
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Abstract

Key Points: 
    • Abstract
      We analyze, for the first time, how firms choose the currency in which they price transactions
      in international trade of services and investigate, using direct evidence, whether the US dollar
      (USD) plays a dominant role in services trade.
    • JEL: F14, F31, F41
      Keywords: dominant currency paradigm, international trade, services.
    • Related research has
      shown that the US dollar (USD) exchange rate is a major source of swings in
      global trade in goods?a ?dominant currency pricing? (DCP) phenomenon?since
      most goods traded internationally are invoiced and sticky in USD.
    • Yet it is also key to look at dominant currency pricing in international trade
      in services for several reasons.
    • First, global trade in services is big?accounting for
      about a quarter of global gross trade flows and for around 40% in terms of valueadded trade.
    • Third, and relatedly, the
      future of globalisation might be in trade in intermediate services?as progress with
      digitech lowers technological barriers to such trade across borders.
    • But perhaps the main reason is that trade in services is conceptually different
      from trade in goods.
    • Our paper is the first, to our best knowledge, that analyzes how firms choose
      the currency in which they price transactions in international trade of services and
      that examines whether dominant currency pricing differs between trade in goods
      and services using direct evidence? hitherto unavailable?on patterns of currency
      choices in international transactions in services compared to goods.
    • Work on dominant currency pricing has
      almost exclusively focused on trade in goods.
    • One reason is that data on patterns
      in invoicing currency for trade in services are ?virtually nonexistent? (Adler et al.
    • Yet it is important to look at dominant currency pricing in international trade
      in services for several reasons.
    • Using the exporter?s (or producer) currency in exports is known in the literature as producer
      currency pricing (PCP), while using the importer?s currency is known as local currency pricing (LCP)
      and using a third currency is known as vehicle currency pricing (VCP).
    • Our paper is the first, to our best knowledge, that analyzes how firms choose the
      currency in which they price transactions in international trade of services and that
      examines whether dominant currency pricing differs between international trade in
      goods and services using direct evidence ? hitherto unavailable ? on patterns of
      currency choices in international transactions in services compared to goods.
    • First,
      we rule out compositional effects, that is that differences in the use of currencies
      reflect differences in trade partners in services vs. goods trade.
    • Both in extra-EU and intra-EU trade, the EUR is the
      most widely used currency, be it on the export or import side.
    • Based
      on the framework, we stress which factors should determine currency choices in
      international trade, and to what extent one should expect differences between
      services trade and goods trade.
    • Second, it can price in the importer?s currency
      (local currency pricing, LCP).4 Third, it can use a third currency, say currency
      v (vehicle currency pricing, VCP).
    • That is,
      the currency choice problem is equivalent to determining the currency in which the
      desired price is least volatile.
    • (2022)
      provide systematic empirical evidence ? firm size and exposure to foreign currencies
      in imported inputs ? should also shape currency choices in services trade.
    • Dominant currency pricing in USD ? services vs. goods trade
      Having established that currency choice in international trade of services is an
      active firm-level decision as well as the determinants of this decision, we now

      8.

    • Services and goods exports: prevalence of different pricing strategies (percent)
      Notes: The table shows the shares (in value terms) of different pricing strategies: producer currency
      pricing (PCP), local currency pricing (LCP) and vehicle currency pricing (VCP).
    • To make comparisons with goods trade, we rely on Eurostat?s
      macro data on international trade in goods by invoivcing currency.
    • If intra-EU trade is more important in services than
      in goods trade, this could hence be an explanation for the lower prevalence of the
      USD in services trade.
    • We showed
      that while the USD is also extensively used as a vehicle currency in services trade, its
      prevalence is systematically lower than in goods trade.
    • Hence for all travel services exports
      the invoicing currency is the EUR; for travel imports it is the currency of the
      destination of travel (i.e.
    • Also for these

      ECB Working Paper Series No 2932

      33

      services it seems plausible that trade does not take place vis-?-vis all counterparts
      in each currency.

    • Figure B.2: Share of international trade in services in global GDP broken down by type (%)
      Notes: Authors? calculations using World Bank and World Trade Organization data.
    • An earlier version of this paper circulated under the title ?Currency choices and the role of the
      U.S. dollar in international services trade?.

Avolta prices EUR 500 million of senior notes

Retrieved on: 
Wednesday, April 10, 2024
EUR, The International Stock Exchange, European Economic Area, Official List, Financial services, Sale, Senior, Prospectus, EEA, Note, Debt-to-GDP ratio, FSMA, Security (finance)

Avolta today priced an offering of EUR 500 million aggregate principal amount of 4.750% Senior Notes due 2031 (the “Notes”).

Key Points: 
  • Avolta today priced an offering of EUR 500 million aggregate principal amount of 4.750% Senior Notes due 2031 (the “Notes”).
  • Proceeds from the offering are expected to be used to refinance a portion of Avolta’s outstanding Senior Notes due 2024.
  • It is expected that the Notes will be admitted to the Official List of The International Stock Exchange.
  • Avolta has no intention to register any portion of the offering of these securities under the Securities Act.

Great Elm Capital Corp. Prices Public Offering of $30,000,000 of 8.50% Notes Due 2029

Retrieved on: 
Tuesday, April 9, 2024
City National Bank, Loan, PALM, Security agreement, Sale, Security (finance), Prospectus, Investment, Note, BEACH

The Company has also granted the underwriters a 30-day option to purchase up to an additional $4,500,000 aggregate principal amount of Notes to cover over-allotments, if any.

Key Points: 
  • The Company has also granted the underwriters a 30-day option to purchase up to an additional $4,500,000 aggregate principal amount of Notes to cover over-allotments, if any.
  • The closing of the transaction is subject to customary closing conditions, and the Notes are expected to be delivered on or about April 17, 2024.
  • Ladenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc., InspereX LLC, Janney Montgomery Scott LLC and Piper Sandler & Co. are acting as joint book-running managers for the offering.
  • The information in this press release and the preliminary prospectus is not complete and may be changed.

Diamondback Energy Prices Offering of Senior Notes

Retrieved on: 
Tuesday, April 9, 2024
BofA Securities, FANG, Diamondback, Form, Sale, Acquisition, Security (finance), Diamondback Energy, Note, Broadridge Financial Solutions

MIDLAND, Texas, April 09, 2024 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Diamondback Energy, Inc. (NASDAQ: FANG) (“Diamondback”) announced today that it has priced an offering (the “Notes Offering”) of $850,000,000 in aggregate principal amount of 5.200% senior notes that will mature on April 18, 2027 (the “2027 Notes”), $850,000,000 in aggregate principal amount of 5.150% senior notes that will mature on January 30, 2030 (the “2030 Notes”), $1,300,000,000 in aggregate principal amount of 5.400% senior notes that will mature on April 18, 2034 (the “2034 Notes”), $1,500,000,000 in aggregate principal amount of 5.750% senior notes that will mature on April 18, 2054 (the “2054 Notes”) and $1,000,000,000 in aggregate principal amount of 5.900% senior notes that will mature on April 18, 2064 (the “2064 Notes” and, together with the 2027 Notes, the 2030 Notes, the 2034 Notes and the 2054 Notes, the “Notes”).

Key Points: 
  • MIDLAND, Texas, April 09, 2024 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Diamondback Energy, Inc. (NASDAQ: FANG) (“Diamondback”) announced today that it has priced an offering (the “Notes Offering”) of $850,000,000 in aggregate principal amount of 5.200% senior notes that will mature on April 18, 2027 (the “2027 Notes”), $850,000,000 in aggregate principal amount of 5.150% senior notes that will mature on January 30, 2030 (the “2030 Notes”), $1,300,000,000 in aggregate principal amount of 5.400% senior notes that will mature on April 18, 2034 (the “2034 Notes”), $1,500,000,000 in aggregate principal amount of 5.750% senior notes that will mature on April 18, 2054 (the “2054 Notes”) and $1,000,000,000 in aggregate principal amount of 5.900% senior notes that will mature on April 18, 2064 (the “2064 Notes” and, together with the 2027 Notes, the 2030 Notes, the 2034 Notes and the 2054 Notes, the “Notes”).
  • The Notes Offering is expected to close on April 18, 2024, subject to customary closing conditions.
  • The Notes will be sold in a registered offering pursuant to an effective shelf registration statement on Form S-3ASR that was previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission, a prospectus supplement and related base prospectus for the Notes Offering.
  • Citigroup Global Markets Inc., BofA Securities, Inc. and TD Securities (USA) LLC have served as joint book-running managers for the Notes Offering.

Melco Resorts Finance Announces Pricing of Senior Notes Offering

Retrieved on: 
Tuesday, April 9, 2024
COVID-19, Regulation, MCO, Note, Security (finance)

Melco Resorts Finance intends to use the net proceeds from the offering to partially repay the principal amount outstanding under the revolving credit facility, pursuant to a senior facilities agreement entered into by MCO Nominee One Limited, a subsidiary of Melco Resorts Finance, on April 29, 2020, as amended or supplemented from time to time, together with accrued interest and associated costs, and any remaining balance for general corporate purposes.

Key Points: 
  • Melco Resorts Finance intends to use the net proceeds from the offering to partially repay the principal amount outstanding under the revolving credit facility, pursuant to a senior facilities agreement entered into by MCO Nominee One Limited, a subsidiary of Melco Resorts Finance, on April 29, 2020, as amended or supplemented from time to time, together with accrued interest and associated costs, and any remaining balance for general corporate purposes.
  • The New Notes are proposed to be senior obligations of Melco Resorts Finance, ranking equally with all of Melco Resorts Finance’s existing and future senior indebtedness.
  • Melco Resorts Finance does not intend to register any portion of the offering of the proposed New Notes in the United States.
  • Statements that are not historical facts, including statements about Melco Resorts Finance’s beliefs and expectations, are forward-looking statements.

Great Elm Capital Corp. Announces Public Offering of Unsecured Notes

Retrieved on: 
Tuesday, April 9, 2024
City National Bank, Loan, PALM, Security agreement, Sale, Prospectus, Note, Investment, BEACH, Security (finance)

PALM BEACH GARDENS, Fla., April 09, 2024 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Great Elm Capital Corp. (the “Company” or “GECC”) (NASDAQ: GECC) announced today the commencement of an underwritten public offering of unsecured notes due 2029 (the “Notes”).

Key Points: 
  • PALM BEACH GARDENS, Fla., April 09, 2024 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Great Elm Capital Corp. (the “Company” or “GECC”) (NASDAQ: GECC) announced today the commencement of an underwritten public offering of unsecured notes due 2029 (the “Notes”).
  • The Notes are expected to be listed on The Nasdaq Global Market under the trading symbol “GECCI,” and to trade thereon within 30 days from the original issue date.
  • The interest rate and other terms of the Notes will be determined by negotiations between the Company and the underwriters.
  • Ladenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc., InspereX LLC, Janney Montgomery Scott LLC and Piper Sandler & Co. are acting as joint book-running managers for the offering.

Windtree Acquires Early-Stage, Novel Oncology Platform and Completes $1.5 Million Convertible Note Bridge Financing

Retrieved on: 
Monday, April 8, 2024
Transforming growth factor beta, Partnership, Acquisition, Cancer, Protein kinase, Windtree Therapeutics, Lung cancer, Note, Therapy, Protein kinase C, PKC, Skin, Protein kinase inhibitor, Security (finance)

The Company also completed a $1.5 million convertible note bridge financing.

Key Points: 
  • The Company also completed a $1.5 million convertible note bridge financing.
  • The acquired Varian asset platform is a novel, potential high-potency, specific, aPKCi with possible broad use in oncology as well as certain rare malignant diseases.
  • “Completion of the Varian asset acquisition and the bridge financing represents a potentially transformative next step for Windtree.
  • Additional details are available by reading the Company’s Current Report on Form 8-K relating to the Varian asset acquisition and senior convertible note bridge financing, which was filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on April 8, 2024.

SHAREHOLDER ALERT: Pomerantz Law Firm Investigates Claims on Behalf of Investors of Avid Bioservices, Inc. - CDMO

Retrieved on: 
Monday, April 8, 2024
Prior, Sale, LLP, News, Note, Pomerantz

NEW YORK, April 08, 2024 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Pomerantz LLP is investigating claims on behalf of investors of Avid Bioservices, Inc. (“Avid” or the “Company”) (NASDAQ: CDMO).

Key Points: 
  • NEW YORK, April 08, 2024 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Pomerantz LLP is investigating claims on behalf of investors of Avid Bioservices, Inc. (“Avid” or the “Company”) (NASDAQ: CDMO).
  • The investigation concerns whether Avid and certain of its officers and/or directors have engaged in securities fraud or other unlawful business practices.
  • On March 12, 2024, Avid announced the need to restate its financial performance over several quarters in 2022 and 2023.
  • Founded by the late Abraham L. Pomerantz, known as the dean of the class action bar, Pomerantz pioneered the field of securities class actions.

Studio City Finance Limited Announces Tender Offer for Up to US$100 Million of Its 6.000% Senior Notes due 2025

Retrieved on: 
Monday, April 8, 2024
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MACAU, April 08, 2024 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Studio City Finance Limited (“Studio City Finance”) today announces that it has initiated a cash tender offer for up to an aggregate principal amount of US$100 million (the “Maximum Tender Amount”) of its outstanding 6.000% senior notes due 2025 (ISIN: US86389QAE26 and USG85381AE48) (the “Notes” and such tender offer, the “Tender Offer”).

Key Points: 
  • MACAU, April 08, 2024 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Studio City Finance Limited (“Studio City Finance”) today announces that it has initiated a cash tender offer for up to an aggregate principal amount of US$100 million (the “Maximum Tender Amount”) of its outstanding 6.000% senior notes due 2025 (ISIN: US86389QAE26 and USG85381AE48) (the “Notes” and such tender offer, the “Tender Offer”).
  • The Tender Offer will expire at 5:00 p.m., New York City time, on May 6, 2024, unless extended or terminated by Studio City Finance (the “Expiration Time”).
  • If the Tender Offer is fully subscribed as of the Early Tender Date, holders who validly tender Notes following the Early Tender Date will not have any of their Notes accepted for payment unless Studio City Finance increases the Maximum Tender Amount.
  • Studio City Finance has appointed Kroll Issuer Services Limited to serve as the tender and information agent for the Tender Offer.

Melco Resorts Finance Announces Proposed Senior Notes Offering

Retrieved on: 
Monday, April 8, 2024
COVID-19, Regulation, MCO, Note, Security (finance)

MACAU, April 08, 2024 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Melco Resorts Finance Limited (“Melco Resorts Finance”) announces that it proposes to conduct an international offering of senior notes (the “New Notes”), the net proceeds from which will be used to make a partial repayment of the principal amount outstanding under the revolving credit facility, together with accrued interest and associated costs, pursuant to a senior facilities agreement entered into by MCO Nominee One Limited, a subsidiary of Melco Resorts Finance, on April 29, 2020, and for general corporate purposes.

Key Points: 
  • MACAU, April 08, 2024 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Melco Resorts Finance Limited (“Melco Resorts Finance”) announces that it proposes to conduct an international offering of senior notes (the “New Notes”), the net proceeds from which will be used to make a partial repayment of the principal amount outstanding under the revolving credit facility, together with accrued interest and associated costs, pursuant to a senior facilities agreement entered into by MCO Nominee One Limited, a subsidiary of Melco Resorts Finance, on April 29, 2020, and for general corporate purposes.
  • Melco Resorts Finance is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Melco Resorts & Entertainment Limited (“Melco”).
  • The New Notes are proposed to be senior obligations of Melco Resorts Finance, ranking equally with all of Melco Resorts Finance’s existing and future senior indebtedness.
  • Melco Resorts Finance does not intend to register any portion of the offering of the proposed New Notes in the United States.