A.6

Dominant currency pricing in international trade of services

Retrieved on: 
Thursday, April 25, 2024
SF1, Goldberg, LCP, Statistics, Research Papers in Economics, VCP, Place of birth, Postal, A.4, Journal of International Economics, Business, International, ISIC, Data collection, Heritage, Macroeconomics, Banco de Portugal, Computer, Tech, Prevalence, MCI, Agriculture, Audiovisual, European Economic Association, CNY, Journal of Monetary Economics, Pauwels, Insurance, Paper, Corsetti, Laurent, Environment, R2, Portuguese Economic Journal, Website, Table, Working paper, VB, Public opinion, World Bank, Collection, Travel, Transport, Science, PII, International economics, PDF, ECB, Foreign exchange market, Policy, Angelo Bacchetta, Social science, Labour economics, Communication, Journal, Research, Classification, A.5, Literature, DCP, European Central Bank, Mining, Export, Equation, Monetary economics, Section 5, Practice of law, Elasticity, ISO, COVID-19, BIS, Electricity, Automation, The Economic Journal, Chung, Employment, A.2, Telecommunications, International Monetary Fund, Tourism, UTC+01:00, Section 4, IUSD, Health care, F14, Database, Section 3, PCP, International finance, NIPE, Annual report, Note, Section 2, Conference, CPI, Central bank, SH42, Incidence, FE, American Economic Review, SF3, Exercise, Test, Justice, Forestry, SK22, Quarterly Journal, GDP, Central Statistics Office (India), Green, SG1, B.1, SF, Swings, Payment, IES, A.6, JPY, Colum, Bank, Reproduction, World Trade Organization, IMF, SF2, F31, Geography, Data, SF4, Cryptocurrency

Abstract

Key Points: 
    • Abstract
      We analyze, for the first time, how firms choose the currency in which they price transactions
      in international trade of services and investigate, using direct evidence, whether the US dollar
      (USD) plays a dominant role in services trade.
    • JEL: F14, F31, F41
      Keywords: dominant currency paradigm, international trade, services.
    • Related research has
      shown that the US dollar (USD) exchange rate is a major source of swings in
      global trade in goods?a ?dominant currency pricing? (DCP) phenomenon?since
      most goods traded internationally are invoiced and sticky in USD.
    • Yet it is also key to look at dominant currency pricing in international trade
      in services for several reasons.
    • First, global trade in services is big?accounting for
      about a quarter of global gross trade flows and for around 40% in terms of valueadded trade.
    • Third, and relatedly, the
      future of globalisation might be in trade in intermediate services?as progress with
      digitech lowers technological barriers to such trade across borders.
    • But perhaps the main reason is that trade in services is conceptually different
      from trade in goods.
    • Our paper is the first, to our best knowledge, that analyzes how firms choose
      the currency in which they price transactions in international trade of services and
      that examines whether dominant currency pricing differs between trade in goods
      and services using direct evidence? hitherto unavailable?on patterns of currency
      choices in international transactions in services compared to goods.
    • Work on dominant currency pricing has
      almost exclusively focused on trade in goods.
    • One reason is that data on patterns
      in invoicing currency for trade in services are ?virtually nonexistent? (Adler et al.
    • Yet it is important to look at dominant currency pricing in international trade
      in services for several reasons.
    • Using the exporter?s (or producer) currency in exports is known in the literature as producer
      currency pricing (PCP), while using the importer?s currency is known as local currency pricing (LCP)
      and using a third currency is known as vehicle currency pricing (VCP).
    • Our paper is the first, to our best knowledge, that analyzes how firms choose the
      currency in which they price transactions in international trade of services and that
      examines whether dominant currency pricing differs between international trade in
      goods and services using direct evidence ? hitherto unavailable ? on patterns of
      currency choices in international transactions in services compared to goods.
    • First,
      we rule out compositional effects, that is that differences in the use of currencies
      reflect differences in trade partners in services vs. goods trade.
    • Both in extra-EU and intra-EU trade, the EUR is the
      most widely used currency, be it on the export or import side.
    • Based
      on the framework, we stress which factors should determine currency choices in
      international trade, and to what extent one should expect differences between
      services trade and goods trade.
    • Second, it can price in the importer?s currency
      (local currency pricing, LCP).4 Third, it can use a third currency, say currency
      v (vehicle currency pricing, VCP).
    • That is,
      the currency choice problem is equivalent to determining the currency in which the
      desired price is least volatile.
    • (2022)
      provide systematic empirical evidence ? firm size and exposure to foreign currencies
      in imported inputs ? should also shape currency choices in services trade.
    • Dominant currency pricing in USD ? services vs. goods trade
      Having established that currency choice in international trade of services is an
      active firm-level decision as well as the determinants of this decision, we now

      8.

    • Services and goods exports: prevalence of different pricing strategies (percent)
      Notes: The table shows the shares (in value terms) of different pricing strategies: producer currency
      pricing (PCP), local currency pricing (LCP) and vehicle currency pricing (VCP).
    • To make comparisons with goods trade, we rely on Eurostat?s
      macro data on international trade in goods by invoivcing currency.
    • If intra-EU trade is more important in services than
      in goods trade, this could hence be an explanation for the lower prevalence of the
      USD in services trade.
    • We showed
      that while the USD is also extensively used as a vehicle currency in services trade, its
      prevalence is systematically lower than in goods trade.
    • Hence for all travel services exports
      the invoicing currency is the EUR; for travel imports it is the currency of the
      destination of travel (i.e.
    • Also for these

      ECB Working Paper Series No 2932

      33

      services it seems plausible that trade does not take place vis-?-vis all counterparts
      in each currency.

    • Figure B.2: Share of international trade in services in global GDP broken down by type (%)
      Notes: Authors? calculations using World Bank and World Trade Organization data.
    • An earlier version of this paper circulated under the title ?Currency choices and the role of the
      U.S. dollar in international services trade?.

Monetary asmmetries without (and with) price stickiness

Retrieved on: 
Friday, April 19, 2024
Online, University, Public Security Section 9, Employment, Calibration, Small, Equity, Volume Ten, Research Papers in Economics, Policy, A.4, Communication, Crisis, Mass, Silvana Tenreyro, Business, Shock, Intuition, Business cycle, TFP, Volume, European Economic Review, Marginal value, SME, NBER, Forecasting, Depression, 3rd millennium, European Economic Association, Conceptual model, Journal of Monetary Economics, Insurance, Harmonization, Great Depression, CES, Economic Inquiry, Paper, Environment, Political economy, Journal of Financial Economics, MIT, University of York, COVID-19, Behavior, Review of Economic Dynamics, Rigid transformation, Website, Access to finance, Accounting, Working paper, Probability, Total, Appendix, Section 8, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Zero lower bound, Curve, Chapter, Cost, Nominal, Journal of Political Economy, Euro, PDF, ECB, Unemployment, Hoarding, STAT, Economic Policy (journal), Household, Canadian International Council, Social science, Government, Federal Reserve Bank, JEL, Journal, Textbook, Missing, Food, Private sector, A.5, Asymmetric, The Journal of Finance, Credit, Speech, Princeton University Press, Literature, NK, European Central Bank, Growth, Labour, Monetary economics, Loss aversion, Financial intermediary, Injection, Elasticity, Inventory, Subprime lending, Ben Bernanke, Finance, BIS, Phillips curve, International Economic Review, Money, London School of Economics, Marginal product of labor, Pruning, Marginal product, The Economic Journal, Rate, Aswath Damodaran, Risk, OECD, Competition (economics), Section 4, MIT Press, Consumption, Bond, Section 3, Yield curve, Loanable funds, Habit, Cobb–Douglas production function, Economy, Aarhus University, Financial economics, Section 2, Conference, Central bank, Chapter Two, Monetary policy, Capital, Hartman–Grobman theorem, CEPR, Framework, American Economic Review, Capital Markets Union, ZLB, Exercise, Liquidity, Interest, Intensive word form, Workshop, European Commission, Macroeconomic Dynamics, Population growth, B1, Response, Quarterly Journal, Community business development corporation, GDP, E31, Control, Journal of Economic Theory, Christian Social Union (UK), T2M, Hamper, Data, American Economic Journal, Aggregate, Konstantinidis, B.1, A.9, A.6, Remuneration, Civil service commission, EUR, Uncertainty, Motivation, A.7, Bank, GFC, Section 13, Motion, Reproduction, IMF, Staggers Rail Act, Abstract, Tale, Handbook, Asymmetry, Stanford University, Communications satellite
Key Points: 

    Climate transition risk in the banking sector: what can prudential regulation do?

    Retrieved on: 
    Saturday, February 17, 2024
    Working, RWE, Workshop, N2O, Climate, DD, Policy, CES, Macroeconomics, Research Papers in Economics, University, Deleveraging, A.6, PFC, A.7, AWI, Canadian International Council, FRB, Paper, RTF, NX, Household, Economy, Carbon, BTI, Central bank, Classification, Lit, Capital, UH, Government, Parameter, Q54, Credit, Social science, Constantine Dafermos, Simons Foundation, PD, LE, Investment, Part, A.4, AA, A.5, PB, Section 2, Probability, E61, Um, LCI, COVID-19, Coronavirus, Financial regulation, Equation, MCI, Control Engineering (magazine), Environment, CIT, Bank of England, GSF, Directorate, Shock, Relaxation, European Central Bank, DP, Abstract, PTI, DPF, Face, AWB, DSGE, Website, Calibration, Prudential, Ben Bernanke, Climate change, Macroprudential regulation, Money, CRRA, Bank, LH, Methodology, HCI, RF, D58, BK, European Commission, Risk, Biophysical environment, NF3, NCDF, CO2, Acquisition, JEL, Sustainability, American wire gauge, QT, Journal of Financial Stability, BCBS, CSS, Motion, ECB, HFC, RT, CTH, Exercise, Tax, European Parliament, Literature, Qi, Reproduction, LGD, KT, European Green Deal, SF6, Council, DT, FOC, Journal, LG, RSS, EPF, University of Poitiers, UI, ESG, CC, Internalization, CH4, PDF, DTH, RTÉ, Communications satellite
    Key Points: 

      Managing the transition to central bank digital currency

      Retrieved on: 
      Wednesday, February 14, 2024
      Technical report, Regulation, Private sector, Aircraft, Interest, RTD, Policy, CES, Research Papers in Economics, A.2, The Economic Journal, RTK, International Settlement, F30, Next, A.6, Community business development corporation, A.7, UIP, American Economic Journal, National bank, Paper, Bank, Macroeconomics, Economy, Central bank, GSS, Capital, XF, Elasticity, Government, Competition, Credit, Social science, Volatility, Domestic, European, IH, Investment, A.13, SSRN, Intermediate, A.5, Section 2, AP, Probability, Review of Economic Dynamics, Foreign, Journal of Monetary Economics, Remuneration, Uncertainty, Medical classification, Bank of England, Shock, DF, Bank of Canada, ISSN, CIA, European Central Bank, Survival, RD, FH, KT, N B, Cuore, Monetary economics, Section 3, Welfare, Iteration, DSGE, Blessthefall, Reserve, Website, GBP, Calibration, RDC, Parameter, DCT, GDP, KF, Sokol, Rebelo, Figure, De Nederlandsche Bank, Parity, TFP, Depreciation, Total, BIS, Home, Section 4, Attitude, Acquisition, JEL, Cross, Household, FF, QT, Control, Swiss, Motion, ECB, M. A, GF, A.9, RT, Cattolica, Exercise, C.2, XH, Tax, Crowding, European Parliament, Literature, Reproduction, Political economy, Committee, Exp, E50, Uhlig, EUR, IID, Digital currency, Tourism, American Economic Review, Manuscript, AG, A.8, Research, F41, Friction, Public sector, PDF, U N, YH, Cryptocurrency
      Key Points: